О необходимости учёта взаимодействия почвенных факторов при оценке загрязнения почв тяжёлыми металлами

Abstract

В работе были рассмотрены общие закономерности поведения тяжелых металлов и выделены основные факторы миграции и перераспределения их в почве. Приведены предложения по учету внутрипочвенных факторов при оценке загрязнения почв тяжелыми металлами, а также разработки научно-обоснованных объективных ПДК. Ключевые слова: почва, тяжелые металлы, факторы миграции, методы оценки загрязнения, органическое вещество, минеральная составляющая.

У роботі були розглянуті загальні закономірності поведінки важких металів і виділені основні фактори міграції та перерозподілу їх в ґрунті. Наведено пропозиції щодо врахування ґрунтових факторів при оцінці забруднення важкими металами, а також розробки науково-обгрунтованих об'єктивних ГДК. Ключові слова: ґрунти, важкі метали, фактори міграції, методи оцінки забруднення, органічна речовина, мінеральна складова.

The soil is an ecological knot of communications of biosphere in which interaction between live and lifeless matter proceeds most intensively. The metabolism processes between earth crust, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and organisms living on a land become locked. Traditionally at geoecological researches scientists analyze only the general maintenances of heavy metals. However, as a number of researchers have shown, only migratory capable forms can be dangerous to ecosystems, while the forms that are difficult to migrate are low-hazard. Easy – migrating forms of being of heavy metals are dissolved and exchange forms first of all. Presence of this or that form of metal in soil depends on a number of factors and natural laws that are peculiar to the soil. Thereby, there is a necessity of the account of intrasoil factors and laws at carrying out of an estimation of pollution of the soil resources, connected with pollution by heavy metals, as defines an urgency of the given research. Such urgency allows to formulate the purpose of work which consists in an illustration of necessity of the account of interaction of soil factors at an estimation of heavy metals pollution of soils. Soils represent heterogeneous mixes of various organic and organo-mineral substances, clay minerals, ferrous oxide, aluminum oxide, manganese oxide, and other firm components, and also various soluble substances. Mechanisms of linkage of metals change depending on structure of soils, their reactionary ability and oxidationreduction conditions. Nowadays the majority of researches and estimations of soils pollution are reduced by heavy metals of this or that territory, basically, to definition of separate cations of heavy metals or to their total definition. After that there is a comparison with existing maximum permissible concentration АPC (APC - approximately permissible concentration) and on the basis of it the conclusion about degree of pollutionis given. Among the factors, disturbing to search of uniform concentration of a toxic element which could be accepted for АPC, it is necessary to name the following: buffer action of soils, forms of existence of elements in soils and the unequal maintenance of the same forms. Owing to unequal buffer action of soils in different degree arriving toxic substances are inactivated, and presence of different forms of elements in soil makes uneasy a choice of that concentration which would be the most suitable for rationing. At АPC establishment it is necessary to use not total quantity of heavy metals, and the maintenance of their mobile connections depending on type of soils. As the maintenance of mobile connections of heavy metals depends on properties of soils it is necessary to define АPC for each soil. Conclusion Thus, from the aforesaid follows that for today the account of intrasoil factors is necessary at an estimation of pollution of soils heavy metals, and also working out of scientifically-proved objective АPC. At the account of interaction of the offered factors, it will be possible to predict forms of a finding of metals in soil, and as consequence to state an objective estimation of a condition of this or that territory connected with pollution by heavy metals. Key words: soil, heavy metals, factors migration, organic substance, mineral content.