Археологія і давня історія України, 2022, вип. 1 (42)http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua:80/handle/123456789/1872772026-04-27T15:34:04Z2026-04-27T15:34:04ZДо історії вивчення скіфських пам’яток Надпоріжжя (безкурганний могильник біля Третього кар’єру Дніпробуду)Могилов, О.Д.http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua:80/handle/123456789/1875902023-01-15T23:26:32Z2022-01-01T00:00:00ZДо історії вивчення скіфських пам’яток Надпоріжжя (безкурганний могильник біля Третього кар’єру Дніпробуду)
Могилов, О.Д.
У статті висвітлено матеріали безкурганного
некрополя біля Третього кар’єру Дніпробуду, який
вивчався в ході масштабних археологічних робіт
при побудові Дніпрогесу в 1931 р.; During the period between First and Second World
Wars a large-scale archaeological research was carried
out in connection with the construction of the Dnieper
Hydroelectric Station (the DniproHES). Large number
of ancient sites felt into the area of flooding and destruction.
In order to study them the Dniprobud expedition
was organized which carried out significant
excavations in 1927—1932 under the head of D. I. Yavornytskyi.
Among the excavated sites there was also the necropolis
located on the eastern side of the 3rd quarry of
the Dniprobud, on the right bank of the modern Zaporizhzhya
city, on a high rocky slope of the Old Dnieper.
The works took place in September — early October
1931 headed by the Dniprobud expedition member
P. I. Smolichev. At the time of the excavation most of
the necropolis included more than a dozen stone pavements
had been destroyed. Only two burials survived
under single-layer stone pavements with a diameter
of 5.6—8 m. A menhir-like stone was recorded near
grave 1. Single burials of the necropolis were made in
catacombs with stone chambers’ barriers. Supposedly
a child and a warrior were buried. Child’s burial was
without grave goods. The man was accompanied by the
arrowheads and pot.
The necropolis near the 3rd quarry of Dniprobud is a
part of the whole system of Scythian necropolises with
moundless burials on the Lower Dnieper. The area
of such necropolises coincides with the Scythian settlement
network. Settlements are often located near
such necropolises which gives grounds to connect these
burials with the population of such settlements. The
topography of the necropolis on the slope above the
Dnieper is typical for burial mounds in the Dnieper
area. Burials made of stone are also typical for this region.
This tradition dates back to the Bronze Age and is
also known during the pre-Scythian period. The graves
near the 3rd quarry of Dniprobud can be dated to the
4th century BC based on the types of burial structures
and grave goods. Moreover, they can be considered to
belong to the local ordinary nomadic Scythian population
which began to change their way of life to the settled
one. However, it preserved typical traditions of nomads’
funeral rites. In addition, the implementation of
burials under stone pavements may indicate that the
new ethnic substrate of the region, formed in Scythian
Age, may have included some part of the aboriginal
population that lived here since the Bronze Age and
pre-Scythian times.
2022-01-01T00:00:00ZПідгірцівська група пам’яток Середнього Подніпров’я: стан та перспективи дослідженняРжевуська, С.С.http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua:80/handle/123456789/1875892023-01-15T23:26:31Z2022-01-01T00:00:00ZПідгірцівська група пам’яток Середнього Подніпров’я: стан та перспективи дослідження
Ржевуська, С.С.
У статті розглянуто історію та історіографію дослідження підгірцівської групи пам’яток
VI—IV ст. до н. е. на території Верхнього та Середнього Подніпров’я. Виокремлено етапи за особливостями та рівнем проведення досліджень — від
накопичення матеріалів до їх інтерпретації. Наведено дані про актуальний каталог пам’яток, окреслено хронологічні та територіальні межі групи у контексті поселенської структури скіфського
часу. Обґрунтовано використання особливих ажурних бронзових (біметалевих) прикрас, а саме дисків
та шпильок із навершям у вигляді здвоєних щитків або ж розетти, виконаних у техніці лиття за
восковою моделлю, в якості культурних та хронологічних маркерів підгірцівської групи пам’яток.
Подальші аналітичні побудови полягатимуть у
розробці окреслених питань і реконструкції етнокультурного розвитку на території Середнього
Подніпров’я VII—IV ст. до н. е. в цілому.; The paper is devoted to the history and historiography of
the research of the Pidhirtsi group of sites of the Upper and
Middle Dnieper basins of the Scythian Age. The source base
includes 131 sites (82 of the Pidhirtsi type and 49 of the Mylohrad
culture), which are located within the administrative
boundaries of modern Ukraine. Chronological range is defined
extending from the middle of 7th to the second quarter of
4th century BC. The territory covers the Middle Dnipro, Desna,
Upper Horyn and Southern Buh basins which are the border
between the forest-steppe and the mixed forests zones.
The majority of the sites were explored during fieldwalking
survey with prospect trenches. On the excavated Pidhirtsi
settlement special openwork bronze adornments identical to
the Pidhirtsi treasure were found. Based on these materials in
1950 V. M. Danylenko singled out the Pidhirtsi group of sites.
There are four stages of research of the Pidhirtsi sites —
from the accumulation of the materials to the interpretation.
The first one (1915—1950s) is associated with the
formation of the source base. In the second stage (1950—
1970s) systematic study of the sites of the Upper and Middle
Southern Buh and Lower Dnieper basins began. The
third stage (1970—1990s) is characterized by attempts to
systematize the identified materials. In the fourth stage
(since the 1990s), researchers begin focusing on the interpretation
of Pidhirtsi type adornments and implement the
results for reconstructing the ethnic and cultural situation
of the Middle Dnieper region in the Early Iron Age.
For a fact, the openwork bronze (bimetallic) adornments
are cultural and chronological markers of the Pidhirtsi group
of sites. In conclusion, topical issues of future research will be
related to technological and morphological aspects of the Pidhirtsi
type adornments, the origin, classification and dating.
2022-01-01T00:00:00ZДо питання нормативно-правового регулювання судово-експертного дослідження рухомих археологічних предметів (артефактів)Силенок, К.П.http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua:80/handle/123456789/1875882023-01-15T23:26:29Z2022-01-01T00:00:00ZДо питання нормативно-правового регулювання судово-експертного дослідження рухомих археологічних предметів (артефактів)
Силенок, К.П.
У статті розглядаються питання нормативно-правового регулювання дослідження рухомих археологічних предметів (артефактів). Звертається увага на законодавство з охорони і збереження
археологічної, культурної спадщини, порядку обігу
культурних цінностей в Україні. Основна увага
приділяється закріпленню поняття рухомих археологічних предметів у законодавстві України та
деяких зарубіжних країн. Підіймається також і
питання розроблення цієї тематики в законодавстві та в судовій експертизі.; Over the centuries, archaeological heritage of
Ukraine has been developing under the influence of
many factors. Research on such antiquities is a significant
task of science for a detailed study of our history,
deeper understanding of all stages of the formation,
development and promotion of modern culture. Issues
arising while protecting archaeological sites are relevant
not only for Ukraine but also for many countries
of the world. Preservation of history is the important
task of every civilised country. Each monument is the
source of information, and artefacts of a certain period
in their totality represent a holistic cultural layer
of history of people who lived in Ukraine no matter
whether they were our ancestors or not.
The paper outlines the issues of legal regulation of
the research of movable archaeological objects (artefacts).
Attention is drawn to the legislation on protection
and preservation of archaeological and cultural
heritage, procedure of cultural properties circulation
in Ukraine. The main focus is on enshrining the concept
of movable archaeological objects in legislation of
Ukraine and some foreign countries. The issue of elaboration
of this topic in the legislation and in forensic
science is also addressed.
Movable archaeological objects are exchanged and
traded, such as Palaeolithic art, Bronze Age ornaments,
stone axes, etc. Since they can be subject of
crimes, and accordingly, can be investigated in forensic
institutions, it is required to create a methodology for
investigation of movable archaeological objects (artefacts)
and conduct systematic research activities for
the needs of forensic experts to ensure efficient provision
of justice in Ukraine. It is also emphasised that
while forensic examination of movable archaeological
objects it is vital to establish their authenticity or nonauthenticity.
2022-01-01T00:00:00ZДо питання про архітектуру захисних споруд Східного укріплення Більського городищаЗадніков, С.А.Шрамко, І.Б.http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua:80/handle/123456789/1875872023-01-15T23:26:26Z2022-01-01T00:00:00ZДо питання про архітектуру захисних споруд Східного укріплення Більського городища
Задніков, С.А.; Шрамко, І.Б.
Більське городище — найбільше укріплене поселення раннього залізного віку Європи, лінія оборони якого має протяжність понад трьох десятків кілометрів. Протягом багатьох років досліджень
цієї археологічної пам’ятки поступово формувалась думка про час заселення окремих частин
складного археологічного комплексу, виникнення
та особливості створення грандіозних захисних
споруд. Особливу роль в процесі їх формування та
використання відігравало Східне укріплення, фортечні стіни якого існували понад два століття.
Новітні дослідження його захисного валу та рову з
урахуванням результатів, отриманих науковцями
в минулі роки, дозволяють висловити думку, щодо
створення потужної захисної системи на місці неукріплених поселень та запропонували власне бачення зовнішнього вигляду фортечних стін.; Bilsk is the largest fortified settlement of the Early
Iron Age in Europe. The defensive line of the site consists
of a rampart and the moat of more than 30 km
length surrounding the area of ca. 5 thousand hectares.
Over the years of the exploration of this archaeological
site the idea of the time of settlement of certain parts
of the archaeological complex, the origin and peculiarities
of the creation of grand defensive structures was
gradually formed. A special role in the process of their
formation and use was played by the Eastern fortification,
the fortified walls of which existed for more
than two centuries. Recent exploration of its rampart
and moat taking into account the results obtained last
years suggest the creation of strong defencive system
on the place of unfortified settlements and offered new
vision of the appearance of fortified walls.
The analysis of excavation materials of different
years allows us to state that the territories occupied
by unfortified settlements in the pre-fortress period
were much larger and went beyond the future line of
wood-earth fortifications. For more than a century and
a half in the western part of the settlement complex
there were no defencive structures. Only open settlements
are known, which appeared in the last third of
the 8th century BC. The situation changed in the second
half of 6th century BC when the eastern part of the
complex was occupied by the population with other traditions.
Probably at the beginning of the third quarter
of the 6th century BC the founders of the settlement,
located in the eastern part of the watershed plateau,
surrounded the most important part of the village with
a wooden fence (a wall of logs, or mud). A similar wall
defended the settlements within the modern Western
settlement. The defensive line of the Great Fortress
was later planned according to the same principle. We
believe that such a light fence, without additional engineering
structures, had no defensive significance but
determined its own social space of settlements, which
housed the estates of local tribal leaders, the most important
public buildings and other facilities. Probably
belonging to the different tribal groups prompted the
inhabitants of the two settlements to strengthen the
system of defence and surround the perimeter of each of
them with an earthen rampart. The settlements gradually
turned into a kind of residence of the local elite. We
can assume that in the last third of the 5th century BC
or at the beginning of the last quarter of this century,
most likely, in the unstable situation in the region, the
single strong defensive line in the form of an earthen
rampart with a wooden wall on the ridge and a moat
in front of them was created. The rampart and moat of
the Great Fortress probably delineated the boundaries
of the centre of the tribal union. The representatives
of different ethnic groups and different social groups
lived in this large area. The created defensive line with
a length of 35 km was relevant until the middle of the
5th century BC until the time of the appearance of the
settlement within the Western settlement. In the Eastern
settlement life continues for another century and a
half, until the endof the 4th century BC.
2022-01-01T00:00:00Z