http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua:80/handle/123456789/187271 2026-04-18T11:34:25Z 2026-04-18T11:34:25Z http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua:80/handle/123456789/187554 2023-01-06T23:27:02Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

Пам’яті Ігоря Олександровича Смирнова 5 вересня 2021 року закінчив свій земний шлях археолог Ігор Олександрович Смирнов — кандидат історичних наук, доцент Миколаївського національного університету імені В. О. Сухомлинського.

2021-01-01T00:00:00Z Кузьміних, С.В. Саєнко, В.М. http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua:80/handle/123456789/187553 2023-01-06T23:27:01Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

До вивчення наукової школи В. О. Городцова: листування О. І. Тереножкіна з вчителем Кузьміних, С.В.; Саєнко, В.М. О. І. Тереножкін, тоді молодий науковець, у 1939—1941 рр. працював в Узбекистані. Знайдено п’ять його листів до В. О. Городцова, де він ділиться результами своїх польових досліджень, радиться щодо питань хронології археологічних знахідок. Ще чотири послання відправлені у 1941—1942 рр. з фронтових доріг, але їх головною темою залишається археологія. В. О. Городцов у своїх відповідях (2 листи) наголошує на важливості новітніх розкопок, проведених у Туркестані, повідомляє про свою наукову роботу. Листування відкриває для нас завісу в спілкуванні Вчителя та його учнів.; The correspondence of Vasyl Oleksiyovych Gorodtsov (1860—1945) and Oleksiy Ivanovich Terenozhkin (1907—1981), the iconic persons for Russian and Ukrainian archaeology, is attractive first of all as the dialog between the Teacher and the disciple. Eight letters of Terenozhkin are kept in archive collection of Gorodtsov in the Department of written sources of the State Historical Museum, two letters of Gorodtsov are present in the private archive of Terenozhkin. That communication was not long-lasting, only during years of 1939—1942, though the letters of those years elucidate some of previously unknown facts and events of episodes and affairs of the scientific activity of Terenozhkin and intricacies of his fate, in particular, in Uzbekistan. The letters dated by the years of 1939— 1941 are related to the period of Terenozhkin’s search of his scientific mission and destiny and the beginning of his working in Uzbekistan: the transfer to Tashkent, energetic start of the archeological and teaching activities. In these letters he was eager to share with Gorodtsov the first results of the exploration in the zone of construction of Big canal of Tashkent and in Ak-Tepe hillfort, to acquaint the Teacher with the treasure of Chimbailyk and to ask an advise regarding its chronology. The letters dated by the years of 1941— 1942 were written when Terenozhkin participated in World War II combat but their major subjects were the same: the archeology, the thoughts about the adoring science and the hope to meet the teacher in the future. The letters of Gorodtsov were imbued with the amiability and sincere interest to the work of his disciple in Central Asia. He emphasized the importance of the newest archeological findings in Turkenstan, shared the news about the work progress of the second volume of «Archeology». So the published correspondence covers the veil in the relations and the dialog between the Teacher and his disciple.

2021-01-01T00:00:00Z Фрунт, О.С. http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua:80/handle/123456789/187552 2023-01-06T23:27:00Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

До історії вивчення навершь скіфського часу Фрунт, О.С. Представлено історіографічний огляд вивчення металевих навершь VII—IV ст. до н. е. як однієї з найбільш своєрідних категорій, пов’язаних з племенами Східної та Центральної Європи скіфського часу. Виділяються основні періоди дослідження: перший (1850—1940-ві рр.), другий (1950—1980-ті рр.) і третій (з 1990-х рр. до сьогодення).; Metal pole-tops of the 7th—4th centuries BC is one of the most wander materials associated with the tribes of the Eastern and Central Europe of the Scythian Age. However, opinions on their function are diverse. Now the pole-tops have a rather general name reflecting the purpose of these objects only approximately. Nevertheless, the study of these artifacts allow us to distinguish three periods: the first (1850—1940s), the second (1950—1980s) and the third (from the 1990s to the present). The first period (1950—1980s) begins with the excavations by I. E. Zabelin of steppe aristocratic barrows. In such barrows as Krasnokutsky, Slonovskaya Bliznitsa, Chertomlyk, a lot of Scythian pole-tops have been discovered. Thanks to localization of the finds in the burials I. E. Zabelin was able to suggest the function of these objects. He believed that the pole-tops could be the decoration of carts, nomadic tents on a chariot. The period is associated with the works of A. S. Lappo- Danilevsky, E. Minns, I. I. Tolstoy and N. P. Kondakov, J. Hampel, P. Reinicke, L. Marton et al. The result was summed up in the research of M. I. Rostovtsev. He supports the idea of a funerary vehicle and connects the origin of the finds with Hittite and Assyrian art, Transcaucasian tombs. In the second period (1950—1980s) there is a noticeable intensity of research on Scythian pole-tops, systematization of artifacts and the use of new approaches to the study. The typology proposed at this time is still used in research now. Almost all finds known at the end of the 70s were systematized in the paper by E. V. Perevodchikova. Different approaches were used in order to interpret the meaning of the pole-tops: as a part of the drawbar of a chariot (V. V. Shleev), shamanic musical instruments (K. Bakai), as the embodiment of the idea of a world tree which marks the ritual space (E. V. Perevodchikova, D. S. Raevsky). V. A. Ilyinskaya considered these artifacts to be multifunctional. The study of the chemical composition of the metal by T. B. Bartseva is important, since it demonstrates the existence of several production centers and sheds light on the origin of the finds. In the third period (from the 1990s to the present) the issue of the functional purpose and origin of the Scythian pole-tops was clarified. The scholars consider them the indicators, marking the arrival of Scythians in North Caucasus and North Pontic region (V. I. Klochko, V. Yu. Murzin, A. Yu. Alekseev, S. A. Skory, D. S. Grechko). T. V. Ryabkova connects the origin of the spherical pole-tops with the eastern territories considering these finds to be purely nomadic. N. L. Chlenova, M. M. Pogrebova, M. Castelluccia, R. Dan lead the line of origin of Scythian pole-tops from the rattles of Iran and Transcaucasia. The study of the technology of making bronze finds and their designs shows that they were cast on a lost wax model or in bivalve molds. In the interpretation of the function of Scythian pole-tops in the period of the 1990s—2010s the researchers depending on the context of discovery correlate these objects from burials with carts (Yu. V. Boltryk) or wooden poles that limited the ritual space for sacrifices (A. R. Kantorovich, V. R. Erlikh). H. Parzinger and S. Hasanov associate their use with shamanism. Thus, the history of the study of Scythian pole-tops made it possible to highlight topical issues. These are the origin and function, improvement of typology using new methods, clarification of chronology, correlation of the distribution of finds with key events in history in Eastern and Central Europe during the Scythian Age.

2021-01-01T00:00:00Z Гуцул, В.M. http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua:80/handle/123456789/187551 2023-01-06T23:26:59Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

Таранний бій і "сарматська посадка" — коментар до праці Олександра Симоненка "Сарматские всадники Северного Причерноморья" Гуцул, В.M. У тексті дискутуються техніки бойового застосування списа сарматською кіннотою античної доби, відображені у візуальних джерелах. Автор зробив спробу інтерпретувати «баталістичну сарматську іконографію» за допомогою західноєвропейських фехтувальних трактатів XV—XVI ст. і висловив свої аргументи стосовно можливості / неможливості побутування кінного таранного бою і дворучного хвату списа в арсеналі сарматських мілітарних практик.; The text discusses the techniques of combat use of the spear on horseback by the Sarmathian cavalry reflected in visual sources. The author attempts to interpret the «Sarmatian military iconography» on the base of Western European martial treatises of the XV—XVI centuries and expressed his arguments about the presence or absence of mounted shock combat and a spear’s two-handed grip in the Sarmatian military practices. In conclusion full discussion of the «Sarmatian seat» is based on an a priori statement that the Sarmatians possessed the technique of mounted shock combat. The historical sources do not confirm this thesis. Instea, if we assume that the Sarmatians used the riding horse primarily as means of transport on the battlefield (rather than as a means of radically increasing the power of the blow, as did the knights during shock attack), then various techniques of holding and using a spear, including two-handed grip, look quite possible, especially at low speeds of the horse. But they should not look at the «Sarmatian seat» for anything specifically Sarmatian, their battle tactics were based on the tactical and technical characteristics of the spear as a weapon. To master the military technology of mounted shock combat a range of conditions were required: widespread use of metal armor, specially bred and trained horses, the presence of a saddle of special design and stirrups, as well as specific rider skills, including special landing in this saddle in «long» stirrups, and, most importantly, the appropriate economic base and cultural background on which the horseman who practiced such military technology were able to improve on their experience and to transfer competencies to the next generation of military elites. Such conditions developed as a result of the long evolution of military technology and military culture, relatively late, in the middle of the eleventh century. not everywhere in Europe, but exclusively in the Franco-Norman area and led to the genesis of Western European chivalry. Whereas no nomadic culture, even in the Middle Ages, was able to adapt the technology of mounted shock combat.

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