Формування антропологічного складу населення України козацької доби. Степові впливи

Abstract

У статті на антропологічному матеріалі розглядається питання можливої участі вихідців з кочових груп у формуванні антропологічного складу населення України доби пізнього середньовіччя.

The anthropological type of Ukrainians of Cossack Era was formed on the Old Rus anthropological substrate. They were mostly descendants of the inhabitants of former lands of Drevlyani, Volynyani, Tivertsy and partly Galichani. They were characterized by a combination of a broad face with a dolichocranial or mesocranial skull. People from non-Slavic groups, including ones from the steppe zone, also took part in the formation of the anthropological composition of the late medieval population of Ukraine. Mostly it was a population that was genetically related to the groups that had ancient roots in the Turkic-speaking world. It was characterized by a Zlivkin morphological complex (brachycranium, a relatively broad face that had a weakened horizontal profile at the top). The type is Caucasian, it was widespread in large areas occupied by the Saltovo-Mayatska culture. It was characteristic for the population of Khazaria, the medieval cities of Crimea, the plains of the North Caucasus, the southern Bulgarians. For the population of Volga Bulgaria, the appearance of this morphological complex is associated with the movement of the early Bulgarians genetically related to the Sarmatians. The type continued to dominate in some areas during the Golden Horde and after the Golden Horde Age. Its presence is recorded in the south of Ukraine and in Moldova. The infiltration of the descendants of this population into the Slavic environment of Ukraine took place in different ways. The source territories for it could be the Lower Dnieper and the Prut-Dniester interfluve. The time of infiltration is most likely the second half of the 13th— 15th centuries. Single skulls which are characterized by a tall face with a sharp horizontal profile and can be associated with people from the North Caucasus are recorded in the late medieval cemeteries of Ukraine. Skulls with clearly defined Mongoloid features practically are not found in the late medieval Christian cemeteries of Ukraine. Groups of nomads with these features (from Cumans to Nogai Tartars) are anthropologically differ as far as possible from the population of Cossack Era Ukraine, which was buried in Christian cemeteries.